If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important primary energy sources. The term gasoline was first used in north america in 1864. Glow plugs, grid heaters and block heaters help to achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather. Writing chemical formulas and chemical reactions chemical formula chemical formulas are a useful way to convey information about a compound such as. Carbon monoxide is dangerous to humans, once inhaled it competes with oxygen by attaching on to haemoglobin in red blood cells and starving vital organs such as the. Pires, a yinglei han, b john kramlich, c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. Petroleum is a mixture of several different hydrocarbons.
Information on the composition of selected fuel oils, specifically fuel oil no. For the thermodynamic mechanism that drives the engine look up otto cycle for a. Investigate the practical and thermodynamic efficiency limits of ic engines. Petroleum, complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. The alkanes are a homologous series with general formula. Petroleum chemistry what is the chemistry of petroleum. Excel file archived october 6, 2008, at the wayback machine from this.
It is generally a mixture of mostly propane c3h8 and butane c4h10, with smaller amounts of other hydrocarbons from c2 to c5. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. Guidance note prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning. Chemical composition of petrol chemistry stack exchange. Carbon monoxide co is a poisonous gas emitted by operating petrol, gas and, to a lesser extent, diesel powered motors. The alkanes are also known as paraffins, and contain only hydrogen and oxygen as saturated hydrocarbons.
Classification on the basis of occurrence, fuels are classified as primary and secondary fuels primary fuels occur in nature and are used without processing. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Petrol petrol is dealt with in section 5 of the syllabus, which. The combustion is usually incomplete because not enough o2 gets in so there is also co which kills you and lots of other products from the rest of the alkanes and others.
For an internal combustion engine to move a vehicle down the road, it must convert the energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. This formula implies that the water molecules consist of 2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen atoms. Information regarding the chemical identity of gasoline is located in table 3l. Chemical composition of dieselbiodiesel particulate exhaust.
Furthermore this tutorial shows you how math and chemical formulae can be nicely formatted on this site. Because co is colourless, tasteless and odourless, in poorly ventilated workplaces it has the. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable, complex and variable mixture of hydrocarbons plus other organic compounds in the liquid state. In this study, the effect of conventional and alternative fuels, as well as that of the operating conditions, on the chemical composition of particles emitted by modern on. Petroleum chemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons.
Its chemical formula, c 8h 18, reflects the fact that each of the carbons is covalently bonded to one or two of the other carbon atoms and two to three hydrogen atoms. Pdf study of gasoline fuel blended with composite additive. Combustion is the conversion of a substance called a fuel into chemical compounds known as products of combustion by combination with an oxidizer. Transportation combustion engine efficiency colloquium held 3 4 march 2010 in southfield, mi, usa.
Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet fuels. Feedstock fuel for fertilizer units, feedstock for petrochemical. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. Petroleum distillates are on the right to know hazardous. Central file or hazard communication standard file. This formula refers to alkanes, and the chemical formula for petrol can be altered when it consists of different gases. Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use recommended use household disinfecting, sanitizing, and laundry bleach uses advised against no information available details of the supplier of the safety data sheet supplier address the clorox company 1221 broadway oakland, ca 94612 phone. C2h6 the one we normally use a list of the atoms in a molecule, and how many of each empirical formula e. It is formed by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides nox and volatile organic compounds voc in the presence of sunlight. Chemical formulas notes kansas city digital marketing guru. Both may have chemicals added to them called plasticizers or additives to make them more flexible or stiffer, depending on the application. Chemistry karunya institute of technology and sciences. Fuels the discussion relates to fossil or chemical fuels definition fuel is a carbonaceous combustible substance, which on combustion liberates a large amount of energy in the form of heat. Gasoline is an english word that refers to fuel for automobiles.
Guidance note prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning from. Chemical formulas use chemical symbols to show what kind of atoms and subscript numbers the little 2 in h 2 o is a subscript number to indicate how many of each kind of atom. Whether made from petroleum or plants, plastics that have similar chemical compositions will have similar properties. En section 1 identification product identifier product name petrol, unleaded chemical name petrol, unleaded synonyms. The entire group 1 metal can react with oxygen to form metal oxide. Petrol consists of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule but then it is blended for various uses. Group a known to be a human carcinogen benzene mcl drinking water. The ratio or number of atoms in the compound the chemical formula has different meanings depending on the type of intramolecular forces holding.
The oct stands for eight because there are eight carbon atoms. A thick, flammable, yellowtoblack mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earths surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. The word is a derivation from the word gas and the chemical suffixes ol and ine or ene. From a chemical point of view, an element contained in the substance is a fundamental question, and we represent the elemental composition by a chemical formula, such as h2o for water. If you dont recognise some of the names, take this quick link to our organic chemistry nomenclature trail. Petrol is a mixture of quite a few organic compounds, but octane is quite important, c8h18. The actual formula of petrol will differ slightly as petroleum is refined. The formula h2o is also the molecular formula of water. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. They are more fuel efficient and have unbeatable reliability.
This is also due to its multiple usability in different fields of machine civilisation. For example, the above formula will change when pentane is changed into octane, and is further. Sheet msds and the label to determine product ingredients and. Petroleum, nowadays, is a main source of energy in the world. Octane burns really efficiently, so having more octane is good. Department of energy effort builds upon recent engine efficiency forums recent engine efficiency forums organized by ornl have provided a foundation for this effort. Petroleum contains 83 87% carbon, 10 to 14% hydrogen, with trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Chemical formulas for gases c2h4o ethylene oxide eto c2h5oh ethanol c3h8 propane c4h10 butane c5h12 pentane c6h14 hexane ch4 methane cl2 chlorine clo2 chlorine dioxide co. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex, naturally occurring liquid mixture. All of the fuel oil classes discussed in this profile are refined from crude petroleum and may be. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation, i. However, if u wanna kno the composition of diesel, it consists of a number of cycloparffins, n and iso paraffins, napthalenes, alkylbenzenes, etc. It has a role as a neurotransmitter, a nutrient, a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a daphnia magna metabolite, a saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an allergen. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum.
The physical and chemical properties of any given hydrocarbon species, or molecule, depends not only on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule but also the nature of the chemical bonds between them. Sep 28, 2017 the alkanes are also known as paraffins, and contain only hydrogen and oxygen as saturated hydrocarbons. Dulongs formula proximate analysis of coal and its significance ultimate analysis of coal and its significance knockingoctane number, cetane number, antiknocking characteristics of petrol flue gas analysis orsat method biomass biogasproduction, biofuels biodiesel and bioethanol. It will open in a new window so you can get back to this trail more easily. In cases where data are not available for gasoline, ranges are given to indicate the different values for the individual components. For the thermodynamic mechanism that drives the engine look up otto cycle for a petrol engine and diesel. Calculations with chemical formulas and equations john d. For example, the formula for cycloalkanes is cnh2n, and the formula for aromatic hydrocarbons is cnhn. The chemistry of oil california state university, northridge.
So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, cacl 2, would be ca. Department of energy defining pathways to maximize engine efficiency for future goal setting goals. Gasoline, gas, or petrol see the etymology for naming differences is a clear petroleumderived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most sparkignited internal combustion engines. These analyses are supported by conventional thermooptical and capillary electrophoresis techniques.
Almost every construction, military, and key transportation vehicles are powered by diesel fuel, in fact about 94% of freight relies on diesel. Thus, the chemical composition of a crude oil and its various boiling range. It is made up of the bits and pieces from a refined petroleum process blended together to meet certain criteia like cetane number. A study of petrol involves chemistry, pure and applied, so the inclusion of this topic in the new syllabus with its emphasis on social and applied aspects is well justified. With the chemical formula co, its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. A significant percentage of the remaining chemical compound is the made up of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. Ch3 the simplest wholenumber ratio of the atoms present in the molecule divide the numbers by highest common factor displayed formula shows each atom and sticks for the bonds. American conference of governmental industrial hygienists suggests a health and safety guidance level not to exceed 300 parts per million timeweighted average, in air. Thus combustion may be represented symbolically by. Information regarding the chemical identity of fuel oils is located in table 3l. Chemical composition of dieselbiodiesel particulate.
The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is c12h23, ranging from approx. Mar 27, 2008 petrol is a mixture of quite a few organic compounds, but octane is quite important, c8h18. In cases where data are not available for gasoline, ranges are given to indicate the different. I chose to study the chemistry of diesel fuel because diesel has a big impact on america. Too little oxygen results in the formation of carbon monoxide.
The combustion process is an exothermic chemical reaction, i. During the process, if there is not enough oxygen available to create carbon dioxide as a byproduct, then carbon monoxide is created instead. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. Diesel fuels predominantly contain a mixture of c 10 through c 19 hydrocarbons, which include approximately 64% aliphatic hydrocarbons, l2% olefinic hydrocarbons, and 35% aromatic hydrocarbons air force 1989. From this viewpoint, exposure to these chemicals must be reduced to the lowest possible level by whatever means available. In h 2, the capital h is the chemical symbol for hydrogen and the small subscript number 2 means that there are 2 atoms. Carbon atoms readily bond with one another and with hydrogen and hetero. I did a gcms run last week on 87 octane gasoline and found the following chemicals. The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to. Typical composition of unleaded petrol polymer discovery. The alkanes a chemical family a homologous series is a family of molecules with similar groups of bonded atoms that have the same reactions and a trends in their physical properties. The most prolific hydrocarbons found in the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes, these are also sometimes knows as branched or linear hydrocarbons.
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